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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Vi-Vaccinations Induce Heterogeneous Plasma Cell Responses That Associate With Protection From Typhoid Fever.

Deborah L Cross1, Marije K Verheul1, Michael D Leipold2

  • 1The Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT) elicits a robust plasma cell response linked to typhoid fever protection. This immune response, involving both gut-homing and systemic cells, is critical for vaccine efficacy.

Keywords:
CyTOFELISpot assaySalmonella TyphiVi-conjugate vaccinemass cytometrytyphoid fever

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Typhoid fever remains a significant global health concern.
  • Vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines show efficacy, but correlates of protection are unclear.
  • Understanding the immune response to Vi vaccines is crucial for improving typhoid fever prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the leukocyte response to Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate (Vi-TT) and plain polysaccharide (Vi-PS) vaccines.
  • To assess the association between immunological responses and protection against *Salmonella* Typhi challenge.
  • To identify correlates of protection for Vi-based typhoid fever vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy adults received Vi-TT or Vi-PS vaccines.
  • Participants were subsequently challenged with *Salmonella* Typhi.
  • Leukocyte responses were analyzed using mass cytometry and Vi-ELISpot assays.

Main Results:

  • Both vaccines induced plasma cell expansion; Vi-TT also showed T follicular helper cell responses.
  • Vi-TT recipients had a significantly greater Vi-specific IgG and IgM B cell response.
  • A subset of IgA+ plasma cells with mucosal migratory markers was observed in both groups.
  • Total plasma cell response correlated with protection in Vi-TT vaccinees.
  • IgA- plasma cells were associated with protection only in Vi-TT recipients.

Conclusions:

  • Vi-TT vaccination induces a heterogeneous immune response, including gut-homing and systemic antibody-secreting cells.
  • The overall plasma cell response, particularly IgA- cells, is associated with protection against typhoid fever following Vi-TT vaccination.
  • These findings highlight potential correlates of protection for Vi-TT vaccines and inform future vaccine development.