Biomechanical factors in three-dimensional tissue bioprinting

Area of Science:

• Tissue engineering
• Regenerative medicine
• Biotechnology

Background:

• 3D bioprinting offers promise for tissue engineering but faces challenges in replicating native tissue complexity.
• Biomechanical factors significantly influence the success of bioprinting processes and the resulting tissue constructs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of biomechanical factors in 3D tissue bioprinting.
• To guide the selection and optimization of bioinks and printing parameters.
• To explore biomechanical interactions for in vitro and in vivo applications.

Main Methods:

• Review of biomechanical factors across pre-printing (viscosity, osmotic pressure, injectability), during-printing (rheology, surface tension, flow rate, mechanical forces, cross-linking), and post-printing (characterization techniques).
• Exploration of advanced techniques like embedded and multi-material printing.
• Analysis of biomechanical interactions with cells and tissues.

Main Results:

• Bioink properties (viscosity, rheology, surface tension) and process parameters (flow rate, mechanical forces) critically impact cell viability and construct integrity.
• In situ cross-linking and advanced printing strategies enhance construct development.
• Characterization of biomechanical properties is essential for evaluating construct performance.

Conclusions:

• Biomechanical considerations are fundamental throughout the 3D bioprinting workflow.
• Optimizing biomechanics is key to overcoming challenges in creating functional tissue constructs.
• Future research should focus on addressing key biomechanical challenges for advancing bioprinting.