Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 22, 2025

Comparing Objective Conjunctival Hyperemia Grading and the Ocular Surface Disease Index Score in Dry Eye Syndrome During COVID-19
Published on: May 25, 2022
Factors associated with the psychological status during the Coronavirus pandemic, baseline data from an Iranian
Mohammad Mostafa Ansari Ramandi1,2, Hossein Yarmohammadi3, Somayeh Beikmohammadi4
1Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
Background:
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is threatening public health in many ways. The psychological situation of individuals is important and limited data is available from Iran. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the psychological distress of the general population and evaluate the factors affecting it.
Methods:
An online cross-sectional survey was conducted from 29th to 31st March 2020 in South Khorasan province, affected later than other parts of the country. We included sociodemographic questions, Hospital Anxiety, and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire, and questions addressing various symptoms and diseases. Most questions had multiple choices to select from and some were open questions. Univariate and multivariate analysis in SPSS software was used to find significant relationships.
Results:
A total of 844 responses were collected, of which 788 records were included in the analysis. The mean age of responders was 36.61±10.97 (age range: 18-88) and 484 (61.4%) of them were females. The mean scores in the anxiety and depression subscale of the HADS questionnaire were 7.01±3.68 and 6.72±3.71 respectively. Experiencing cardiovascular and COVID-19 related symptoms was significantly associated with a higher number of individuals having abnormal anxiety and depression results (p<0.001). Widowed individuals, females, and those experiencing the above-stated symptoms showed a significant association with increased anxiety and depression in multivariate analysis.
Conclusion:
Although many existing elements influence the psychological well-being of society during a pandemic, experiencing symptoms related to other diseases or having multiple chronic diseases may cause an extra burden on the psychological state of the society.
Related Concept Videos
Factors Affecting Illness
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
Psychological Responses to Stress
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia
Social Relationships and Well-Being
Stress and Mental Health
Individuals with depression often experience challenges in both their personal and professional...
General State of Stress
Specifically, consider a tetrahedral element where one face, labeled XYZ, is perpendicular to the line OA, and the remaining faces align with the coordinate axes with point O as the origin. At any point, such as point O, the stress tensor can be used to determine the stress...

