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Updated: Nov 22, 2025

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis
Published on: May 4, 2017
Bioequivalence data analysis
Gowooni Park1, Hyungsub Kim1, Kyun-Seop Bae1
1Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul 05505, Korea.
Abstract:
SAS® is commonly used for bioequivalence (BE) data analysis. R is a free and open software for general purpose data analysis, and is less frequently used than SAS® for BE data analysis. This tutorial explains how R can be used for BE data analysis to generate comparable results with SAS®. The main SAS® procedures for BE data analysis are PROC GLM and PROC MIXED, and the corresponding R main packages are "sasLM" and "nlme" respectively. For fixed effects only or balanced data, the SAS® PROC GLM and R "sasLM" provide good estimates; however, for a mixed-effects model with unbalanced data, the SAS® PROC MIXED and R "nlme" are better for providing estimates without bias. The SAS® and R scripts are provided for convenience.
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