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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

A RANKL-based Osteoclast Culture Assay of Mouse Bone Marrow to Investigate the Role of mTORC1 in Osteoclast Formation
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MicroRNA-21 facilitates osteoblast activity.

Shunichi Oka1,2, Xiaoyan Li3, Fengzhu Zhang4

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
|January 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is a key regulator of bone remodeling, promoting osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Its deficiency impairs bone formation, highlighting miR-21

Keywords:
MicroRNA-21Mouse gene expression microarrayOsteoblast differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Bone Biology
  • MicroRNA Research

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical post-transcriptional regulators in bone remodeling.
  • Intercellular communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts involves miR-21, influencing bone homeostasis.
  • Understanding miR-21's role is vital for targeting osteoblast function and bone health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of miR-21 on osteoblast function.
  • To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-21 in osteogenesis.
  • To assess miR-21's potential as a biomarker for osteogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies using mouse pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells.
  • In vivo analysis in miR-21 knockout (miR-21KO) and wild-type (WT) mice.
  • Histological staining (H&E, Azan, Masson's Trichrome, Toluidine blue), immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and gene expression microarray analysis.

Main Results:

  • miR-21 significantly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and matrix mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells.
  • miR-21 positively regulated osteogenic differentiation by enhancing key factors (ALP, Runx2, OPN, OSX, Mef2c) expression.
  • miR-21 deficiency suppressed osteogenic factors and altered expression of 17 osteogenesis-related mRNAs in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • miR-21 is a positive regulator of osteoblast differentiation and mineralization.
  • miR-21 influences bone remodeling through pathways involving IL-1β and HIF-1α.
  • miR-21 holds potential as a biomarker for osteogenesis and a therapeutic target for bone diseases.