Biofilm and Orthodontic Therapy

Area of Science:

• Dentistry
• Microbiology
• Periodontology

Background:

• Dental biofilms contribute to prevalent oral diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and caries.
• Orthodontic appliances can exacerbate biofilm formation, disrupt the oral microbiome, and impede oral hygiene practices.
• Adverse effects of orthodontic treatment include enamel decalcification, gingivitis, and periodontal disease.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review alterations in supra- and subgingival biofilms and periodontal tissues during and after orthodontic treatment.
• To synthesize current evidence on the impact of orthodontic appliances on oral health.
• To evaluate the reversibility of adverse effects and explore potential preventive strategies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies examining microbial and periodontal changes associated with orthodontic treatment.
• Analysis of bacterial levels, particularly Streptococcus mutans and periodontopathogens.
• Assessment of periodontal parameters and tissue health before, during, and after appliance use.

Main Results:

• Elevated levels of Streptococcus mutans and periodontopathogenic bacteria were observed during orthodontic treatment.
• Microbial shifts and periodontal parameters generally returned to baseline levels post-treatment.
• Enamel decalcification, a consequence of cariogenic bacteria, represents a largely irreversible adverse effect.

Conclusions:

• Orthodontic materials' surface properties influence bacterial adhesion, leading to the development of antibacterial bonding systems.
• Emphasizing and motivating patients towards consistent, adequate oral hygiene is paramount.
• Periodontal therapy completion prior to orthodontic treatment is advisable for periodontally compromised patients, though optimal timing requires further research.