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Related Concept Videos

Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Self-Awareness and Its Effects01:21

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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.
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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Self-Serving Bias01:29

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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 22, 2025

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
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Summarization With Self-Aware Context Selecting Mechanism.

Li Huang, Wenyu Chen, Yuguo Liu

    IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics
    |January 11, 2021
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel natural language processing model for text summarization. It effectively filters noise words and retains essential information for concise summaries.

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    Area of Science:

    • Natural Language Processing
    • Machine Learning

    Background:

    • Traditional sequence-to-sequence models consider all source words, which can be suboptimal for summarization.
    • Summarization requires filtering irrelevant information (noise words) while retaining key concepts.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an improved text summarization model.
    • To enhance learning representations for sequence-to-sequence tasks in summarization.
    • To address the challenge of noise word removal in automated summarization.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed a summarization learning model with a specialized encoder and decoder.
    • Implemented an asynchronous bidirectional parallel encoder for rich contextual information.
    • Integrated a self-aware context selecting mechanism in the decoder, differing from classic attention mechanisms.

    Main Results:

    • The proposed model demonstrated effectiveness in text summarization tasks.
    • Experimental results on benchmark corpora showed superiority over well-practiced and state-of-the-art methods.
    • The framework successfully balances relevance retention and redundancy removal.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel encoder-decoder model with a context selecting mechanism is effective for summarization.
    • The approach offers a more productive way to generate summaries by handling contextual information efficiently.
    • The framework is applicable and performs well on standard summarization datasets.