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Related Concept Videos

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

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In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
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Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

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Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
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Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination01:27

Radical Substitution: Allylic Bromination

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In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is formed when propene is treated with bromine at room temperature. In contrast, propene undergoes allylic substitution in non-polar solvents at high temperatures to give 3-bromopropene. In order to avoid the addition reaction, the bromine concentration must be kept as low as possible throughout the reaction. This can be achieved using N-bromosuccinimide...
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
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Microbial Perchlorate Reduction Driven by Ethane and Propane.

Chun-Yu Lai1, Mengxiong Wu1, Xuanyu Lu1

  • 1Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.

Environmental Science & Technology
|January 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ethane and propane can microbially reduce perchlorate in groundwater, offering a sustainable alternative to methane. This process utilizes natural gas components, preventing emissions and aiding groundwater remediation.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Bioremediation
  • Groundwater Contamination

Background:

  • Methane is a known electron donor for microbially removing oxidized groundwater contaminants.
  • Natural gas, a cheaper alternative to methane, contains ethane and propane, which need utilization to prevent emissions.
  • Perchlorate is a common groundwater contaminant requiring effective remediation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microbial reduction of perchlorate using ethane (C2H6) and propane (C3H8) as electron donors.
  • To assess the feasibility of using natural gas components for in situ groundwater remediation.
  • To identify microorganisms and genes involved in ethane/propane-driven perchlorate reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Operation of two membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) with ethane and propane, respectively, for perchlorate removal.
  • Batch tests to confirm ethane/propane consumption and perchlorate reduction.
  • Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesis and utilization studies.
  • Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to analyze gene expression (bmoX, pcrA).
  • High-throughput sequencing for microbial community analysis (16S rRNA, bmoX, pcrA).

Main Results:

  • Continuous perchlorate removal was achieved in MBfRs supplied with ethane and propane.
  • Perchlorate reduction was directly linked to ethane and propane oxidation.
  • Microbial synthesis and subsequent utilization of PHAs for perchlorate reduction were observed.
  • Gene expression analysis showed positive correlations between bmoX and C2H6/C3H8 consumption, and pcrA and perchlorate consumption.
  • Mycobacterium species were identified as dominant ethane/propane oxidizers, and Dechloromonas as potential perchlorate reducers.

Conclusions:

  • Ethane and propane can effectively drive microbial perchlorate reduction in groundwater under oxygen-limiting conditions.
  • This process utilizes readily available natural gas components, offering a cost-effective remediation strategy.
  • The study identifies key microorganisms and genes involved, paving the way for optimized bioremediation approaches.