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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis
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Properties and Classification of Diamond-Like Carbon Films.

Naoto Ohtake1, Masanori Hiratsuka2, Kazuhiro Kanda3

  • 1Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study redefines diamond-like carbon (DLC) regions on ternary diagrams by analyzing 74 amorphous carbon films. Findings clarify DLC classification and properties for mechanical and electrical applications.

Keywords:
carbonclassificationdiamond-like carbonhydrogenated amorphous carbonindustrial applicationnear-edge X-ray absorption fine structuresp2 hybridizationsp3 hybridizationtetrahedral amorphous carbon

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Tribology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films offer high hardness, wear resistance, and low friction, making them ideal for protective coatings on mechanical and electrical components.
  • Current ternary diagrams for carbon films (sp3, sp2, hydrogen) do not accurately represent many deposited DLC films.
  • A re-evaluation of DLC regions is crucial for precise material classification and application development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sp3 ratio, hydrogen content, and properties of 74 amorphous carbon films.
  • To redefine and elucidate the diamond-like carbon (DLC) regions on ternary diagrams.
  • To classify amorphous carbon films, including DLC, and summarize their characteristics and applications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 74 amorphous carbon film types under unified conditions.
  • Measurement of sp3 ratios and hydrogen content using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS).
  • Rutherford backscattering-elastic recoil detection analysis (RBS-ERDA) for elemental composition and depth profiling.

Main Results:

  • Amorphous carbon films exhibited non-uniform distributions of sp3 and sp2 carbon, and hydrogen.
  • An inverse relationship was observed between the sp3 carbon content (unbonded to hydrogen) and the logarithm of hydrogen content.
  • The study successfully redefined DLC regions on ternary diagrams, enabling a clearer classification of amorphous carbon films.

Conclusions:

  • The redefined ternary diagrams provide a more accurate classification for amorphous carbon films, including DLC.
  • Understanding the relationship between sp3 ratio and hydrogen content is key to tailoring DLC properties.
  • This research facilitates the optimized selection and application of DLC coatings for diverse industrial needs.