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This review explores how endocrine system functions, including thyroid, insulin, vitamin D, and sex hormones, impact cognitive health and dementia risk. Understanding these modifiable factors is key for preventing cognitive decline.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease, affects over 50 million globally, posing significant healthcare challenges.
  • Current treatments for dementia are not disease-modifying, emphasizing the need to explore modifiable risk factors.
  • The endocrine system plays a vital role in brain health, influencing cognitive functions through neurotrophic, antioxidant, and metabolic pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence linking endocrine system functions to cognitive status and dementia.
  • To investigate the impact of thyroid function, insulin resistance, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and sex hormones on cognition.
  • To highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in preventing cognitive decline.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical studies.
  • Analysis of research evaluating the relationship between specific endocrine factors and cognitive function.
  • Synthesis of findings on the interplay between hormones and cognitive status.

Main Results:

  • Established links between thyroid function, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D levels with cognitive status.
  • Demonstrated association between diabetes, particularly insulin resistance, and increased dementia risk.
  • Identified correlations between sex hormone variations (e.g., estrogen at menopause) and cognitive decline.

Conclusions:

  • Endocrine system dysregulation is a significant modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia.
  • Further research into the complex endocrine-cognition interplay is crucial for developing preventative strategies.
  • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for effectively managing and preventing dementia.