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The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress
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Endothelial cells do not align with the mean wall shear stress vector.

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Endothelial cells (ECs) align differently with blood flow forces depending on stress levels. At high shear stress, ECs orient to minimize transverse stress, challenging previous assumptions about flow-induced cell alignment.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Cellular Mechanics

Background:

  • Arterial endothelial cells (ECs) are known to align with blood flow, a phenomenon typically attributed to mean wall shear stress (WSS).
  • Previous studies often lacked rigorous characterization of various WSS metrics, potentially oversimplifying ECs' response to flow.
  • The precise orientation mechanisms of ECs under varying flow conditions remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously investigate the alignment behavior of aortic ECs under defined orbital shaker flow conditions.
  • To determine if ECs align with the mean WSS vector or other WSS metrics under varying flow magnitudes and media viscosities.
  • To re-evaluate endothelial cell responsiveness to flow and its implications for cellular behavior and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing aortic ECs in cylindrical wells on an orbital shaker platform to generate controlled flow.
  • Utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to characterize various WSS metrics and their orientations.
  • Comparing endothelial nuclei orientation with CFD-derived WSS characteristics under varied media viscosities.

Main Results:

  • At low mean WSS magnitudes, ECs aligned with the modal WSS vector.
  • At high mean WSS magnitudes, ECs aligned to minimize the shear stress acting across their long axis (transverse WSS).
  • This differential alignment indicates ECs do not solely align with the mean WSS vector.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial cell alignment is dependent on the magnitude of WSS, not solely the mean WSS vector.
  • The findings necessitate re-examination of endothelial behaviors previously attributed solely to mean WSS.
  • Minimizing transverse WSS may be a crucial cellular mechanism with implications for atherogenesis due to potential detrimental effects.