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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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RNA Stability

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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation Assay to Study m5C Modification in Arabidopsis
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Dynamic transcriptomic m5 C and its regulatory role in RNA processing.

Yu-Sheng Chen1,2,3, Wen-Lan Yang1,2,3,4, Yong-Liang Zhao1,2,3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, College of Future Technology, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
|January 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5 C) is a crucial RNA modification found across all life. This review details its detection, regulation by enzymes, and vital roles in RNA metabolism and organismal health.

Keywords:
5-methylcytosineRNA modificationepitranscriptomemRNAncRNA

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Area of Science:

  • RNA Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5 C) is a widespread and essential RNA modification present in various RNA types across all domains of life.
  • m5 C plays critical roles in diverse cellular processes, including RNA metabolism, gene expression, and overall organismal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of RNA 5-methylcytosine (m5 C).
  • To summarize the dynamic regulatory elements, detection technologies, and biological functions of m5 C.
  • To offer future perspectives in m5 C research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RNA m5 C.
  • Summary of various high-throughput detection techniques (e.g., m5 C-RIP-seq, miCLIP-seq, Nanopore sequencing).
  • Analysis of regulatory enzymes (methyltransferases, demethylases) and binding proteins.

Main Results:

  • m5 C is dynamically regulated by "writers" (methyltransferases), "erasers" (demethylases), and "readers" (binding proteins).
  • m5 C modifications are involved in mRNA export, RNA stability, and translation.
  • Dysregulation of m5 C is linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, developmental abnormalities, and tumorigenesis.

Conclusions:

  • RNA m5 C is a fundamental epigenetic mark with profound biological significance.
  • Understanding m5 C regulation and function is crucial for deciphering its role in health and disease.
  • Further research into m5 C holds promise for therapeutic interventions.