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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Diversity of Archaea IV01:29

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Hyperthermophilic archaea are a group of extremophiles thriving at temperatures above 80°C, often in hydrothermal vents and volcanic soils where conditions surpass the boiling point of water. At such temperatures, proteins, membranes, and DNA in most organisms degrade, but hyperthermophiles have evolved remarkable adaptations to maintain stability and function.Unique Cellular FeaturesHyperthermophilic membranes are composed of a monolayer of biphytanyl tetraether lipids, which resist...
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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Archaea, one of the three domains of life, exhibit remarkable diversity and adaptability, thriving in both extreme and moderate environments. Historically, most identified archaea have been classified into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. However, recent molecular studies have expanded this classification to include three additional phyla: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota, each exhibiting unique characteristics and ecological roles.Thaumarchaeota: Mesophiles...
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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Application of DNA Fingerprinting using the D1S80 Locus in Lab Classes
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Genome diversity in Ukraine.

Taras K Oleksyk1,2,3, Walter W Wolfsberger1,2,3, Alexandra M Weber4

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Uzhhorod National University, 32 Voloshyna Str., Uzhhorod 88000, Ukraine.

Gigascience
|January 13, 2021
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Summary

This study presents the largest genetic variation survey in Ukraine, offering crucial genome-wide data for an underrepresented population. The findings highlight unique population diversity vital for future biomedical research.

Keywords:
BGISEQ-500CNVDNBSEQIlluminaNGSSNPgenomesgenotypingindelsvariant calling

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Population Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Addresses the underrepresentation of Eastern European populations in genomic databases.
  • Focuses on collecting genome-grade DNA samples from diverse regions of Ukraine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate and validate genome-wide data for the Ukrainian population.
  • To establish a public reference resource for genetic and biomedical research.
  • To cross-validate sequencing and genotyping data acquired through different technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 97 genome-grade DNA samples from consented Ukrainian individuals.
  • Performed whole-genome sequencing using BGISEQ-500.
  • Genotyped samples using an Illumina GWAS chip.
  • Cross-validated data across different sequencing and genotyping platforms, including Illumina NovaSeq6000 S4.

Main Results:

  • Identified and reported various genomic variations, including structural variants, indels, copy number variations, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and microsatellites.
  • Provides the most extensive survey of genetic variation in Ukraine to date.
  • Generated high-quality, cross-validated genome-wide data.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic diversity of the Ukrainian population is distinct and influenced by unique evolutionary and demographic factors.
  • This data resource is essential for future genetic and biomedical studies involving this population.
  • The findings contribute novel, endemic, and medically relevant alleles for research.