Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
Published on: September 8, 2023
Craniofacial and occlusal features of children with Noonan syndrome
Simone Bagattoni1, Tommaso Costi1, Giovanni D'Alessandro1
1Unit of Special Needs Dentistry and Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract:
Craniofacial features of 12 children with Noonan syndrome (NS) were compared with age and gender matched healthy children. Dental history, panoramic radiograph, dental casts, and cephalometric measurements were assessed. The palatal height was significantly increased in the study group compared with the control group (p = .009; paired t-test). The palatal width was significantly reduced in the study group compared with the control group (p = .006; paired t-test). The mean SNB was reduced in the study group compared with the control group (p = .02; paired t-test) and the ANB increased (p = .009; paired t-test). The mean Sum (NSAr + SArGo + ArgoMe) angle and SN-GoMe were increased in the study group compared with the control group (respectively, p = .015 and p = .002; paired t-test). The cephalometric analysis assessed a retruded position of the mandible, skeletal class II characteristics, and a vertical growth pattern. The mandibular hyperdivergency was associated to a positive overbite.
Related Concept Videos
Cranial Bones: Lateral View
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
Sutures of the Skull
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Overview of the Skull
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
Assessment of the Mouth
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...

