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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography
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Technical Pearls for Shoulder Instability.

William N Levine, Eric C Makhni, George S Athwal

    Instructional Course Lectures
    |January 13, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Glenohumeral instability, common in athletes, is increasingly managed arthroscopically. However, open techniques like coracoid transfer remain crucial for specific cases with bone loss, offering effective treatment options.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Sports Medicine
    • Arthroscopy

    Background:

    • Glenohumeral instability is a prevalent upper extremity condition, particularly in athletes.
    • Surgical management has shifted from open repairs to arthroscopic techniques over the last two decades.
    • Arthroscopic treatment may be insufficient for certain patient groups, such as contact athletes, or when significant bone loss is present.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide technical insights for managing glenohumeral instability.
    • To review current surgical strategies, including arthroscopic and open procedures.
    • To discuss the management of complications associated with coracoid transfer.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of arthroscopic anterior and posterior instability repair techniques.

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  • Discussion of posterior glenoid bone augmentation.
  • Detailed explanation of the open Latarjet (coracoid bone transfer) procedure for anterior instability with bone loss.
  • Analysis of complications related to coracoid transfer.

    • Main Results:

    • Arthroscopic techniques are effective for instability without significant bone loss.
    • Open coracoid transfer (Latarjet) remains a vital option for anterior instability with bone loss.
    • Specific technical considerations and management of complications are essential for optimal outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive understanding of both arthroscopic and open techniques is necessary for optimal glenohumeral instability management.
    • The Latarjet procedure is indicated for specific cases of anterior instability with bone loss.
    • Careful technique and complication management are critical for successful surgical outcomes in glenohumeral instability.