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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
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Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Screening of Axonal Degeneration in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using Ultrasonography and Nerve Conduction Studies
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Current Concepts in Compressive Neuropathies of the Upper Extremity.

Loukia K Papatheodorou, Panagiotis N Giannakopoulos, Sokratis E Varitimidis

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    Carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes, common upper extremity nerve compressions, lack established primary surgical treatments. Revision surgery outcomes for these conditions remain challenging, necessitating further research.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Neurosurgery
    • Hand Surgery

    Background:

    • Carpal tunnel syndrome and cubital tunnel syndrome are prevalent upper extremity compression neuropathies.
    • Current diagnostic and management strategies have advanced, yet optimal primary surgical interventions remain undefined.
    • Managing recurrent cases presents significant clinical challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current state of surgical management for carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes.
    • To evaluate the effectiveness of revision surgery techniques, including nerve decompression and neurolysis.
    • To explore ancillary techniques for enhancing nerve healing and preventing adhesions in revision surgeries.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on surgical treatments for carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes.
    • Analysis of outcomes for primary and revision surgical decompression.
    • Evaluation of adjunctive techniques such as soft tissue coverage and nerve wrapping.

    Main Results:

    • Simple revision nerve decompression and neurolysis do not consistently yield satisfactory outcomes.
    • Ancillary techniques like soft tissue coverage or nerve wrapping may improve nerve healing and reduce scarring in revision cases.
    • The ideal primary surgical approach for these conditions is not yet established.

    Conclusions:

    • Optimal primary surgical treatment for carpal and cubital tunnel syndromes requires further investigation.
    • Revision surgery outcomes can be suboptimal, highlighting the need for improved techniques.
    • Future research, including large randomized trials and deeper understanding of nerve biology, is essential for optimizing surgical management.