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Related Concept Videos

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Multiple Roles for Cholinergic Signaling from the Perspective of Stem Cell Function.

Toshio Takahashi1

  • 1Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Bioorganic Research Institute, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cholinergic signaling, mediated by acetylcholine (ACh), is crucial for regulating stem cell self-renewal and differentiation within specific microenvironments called niches. This pathway offers therapeutic potential for controlling stem cell behavior.

Keywords:
hair follicle stem cell (HFSC)homeostasisintestinal stem cell (ISC)melanocyte stem cell (MeSC)muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)neural stem cell (NSC)nichenicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Stem cells possess self-renewal and differentiation capabilities vital for organismal development and repair.
  • Stem cell activity is regulated by specialized microenvironments known as niches.
  • The cholinergic system, involving acetylcholine (ACh), influences various mammalian cells beyond neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the role of cholinergic signaling in stem cell regulation.
  • To explore the function of cholinergic signaling within the stem cell niche.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of understanding cholinergic control of stem cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cholinergic signaling and stem cell biology.
  • Analysis of studies characterizing stem cell niches in various organs (brain, skin, gut).
  • Examination of the molecular mechanisms of acetylcholine (ACh) and its receptors (nicotinic, muscarinic) in non-neuronal cells.

Main Results:

  • Cholinergic signaling, via ACh, plays a pivotal role in controlling stem cell behaviors, including self-renewal and differentiation.
  • The cholinergic system influences stem cells, embryonic stem cells, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells.
  • Technical advancements enable the characterization of stem cell niches that maintain and control stem cell activity.

Conclusions:

  • Cholinergic signaling is essential for stem cell function within a cholinergic niche.
  • Understanding cholinergic regulation unifies knowledge of stem cell control at cellular and molecular levels.
  • Targeting cholinergic pathways holds promise for advancing stem cell-based therapeutics.