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Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viral sensing by RNA helicases.

Claire Rousseau1, Carine Meignin1

  • 1Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UPR9022, Institut de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, Strasbourg, France.

Virologie (Montrouge, France)
|January 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Cellular antiviral immunity distinguishes self from non-self by detecting viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Cytosolic RNA helicases trigger RNA interference (RNAi) or interferon (IFN) signaling pathways to combat viral infections.

Keywords:
antiviral immunitycytosolic receptorsdsRNAhelicasesnucleic acid sensing

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Antiviral immunity relies on distinguishing self from non-self molecules.
  • Cytosolic RNA helicases detect viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a hallmark of viral infection.
  • dsRNA detection triggers key antiviral defense mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review RNA features utilized by cells for viral infection detection.
  • To discuss dsRNA-sensing pathways: RNA interference (RNAi) and interferon (IFN) signaling.
  • To explore viral strategies for evading host immune recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on dsRNA sensing and antiviral pathways.
  • Analysis of RNA structural features and their recognition by host sensors.
  • Examination of viral immune evasion mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Cells detect viral infection via specific RNA features recognized by cytosolic RNA helicases.
  • Two primary dsRNA-activated pathways exist: RNA interference (RNAi) and interferon (IFN) signaling.
  • Viruses have evolved mechanisms to avoid detection by these host pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Helicase-mediated sensing of dsRNA is crucial for initiating antiviral responses.
  • Understanding these pathways and viral evasion tactics is vital for developing antiviral strategies.
  • The interplay between host detection and viral evasion shapes antiviral immunity.