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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR Spectrometers: Overview

NMR spectrometers consist of a strong magnet, a radiofrequency transmitter, and a detector attached to a computer console for recording spectra of samples containing NMR-active nuclei. In first-generation NMR instruments called continuous-wave spectrometers, the resonance frequencies of the nuclei are determined by frequency-sweep or field-sweep methods. The magnetic field strength is fixed and the rf signal is swept in the former, while the radiofrequency signal is fixed and the magnetic field...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

Simultaneous Data Collection of fMRI and fNIRS Measurements Using a Whole-Head Optode Array and Short-Distance Channels

Published on: October 20, 2023

Best practices for fNIRS publications.

Meryem A Yücel^1,2, Alexander V Lühmann^1,2, Felix Scholkmann^3,4

¹Boston University, Neurophotonics Center, Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.

|January 14, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) methods need standardized reporting for reliable neuroscience research. This paper provides guidelines and a checklist to improve reproducibility and best practices in fNIRS studies.

Keywords:

functional near-infrared spectroscopy guidelines publication best practices

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Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

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Published on: January 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) has seen significant growth in neuroscience applications over 40 years.
Diverse applications and experimental paradigms exist, leading to methodological inconsistencies.
Challenges in interpreting and replicating fNIRS studies arise from varied method reporting.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish consensus best practices for reporting methods in fNIRS studies.
To enhance the reliability, repeatability, and traceability of fNIRS research.
To provide practical tools for authors and reviewers to improve manuscript quality.

Main Methods:

Convened a representative group of leaders in the fNIRS field.
Developed consensus guidelines for describing fNIRS methodologies.
Created a checklist to aid manuscript preparation and peer review.

Main Results:

Identified inconsistencies in current fNIRS methods reporting.
Established a framework for standardized reporting of fNIRS techniques.
A practical checklist is now available for the fNIRS community.

Conclusions:

Standardized reporting is crucial for advancing fNIRS research.
The developed guidelines and checklist will promote best practices.
Adoption of these recommendations will improve the quality and impact of fNIRS studies.