Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

25.1K
Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
25.1K
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

8.6K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
8.6K
What is an Experiment?01:12

What is an Experiment?

17.0K
An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two variables. When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the explanatory or independent variable. The affected variable is called the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The...
17.0K
Group Design02:01

Group Design

10.0K
The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
10.0K
Experimental Designs01:16

Experimental Designs

16.3K
An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are three widely used types of experimental design - pre-experimental design, true experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. In pre-experimental design, the researcher compares the data before and after some interventions or treatments. The true-experimental design has more than one purposefully created group, a commonly measured...
16.3K
Ethics and Bioethics01:22

Ethics and Bioethics

2.1K
Ethics is a philosophical study of moral actions. Ethics attempts to determine what is valuable for individuals and society. It examines the rational justification of moral judgments and analyzes what is morally just, fair, and right. Bioethics is a sub-discipline of applied ethics that analyzes the philosophical, social, and legal issues in life sciences and medicine. Ethical theories serve as a foundation for decision-making and represent the viewpoints from which people seek direction. They...
2.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Synthesis of atom-precise supported metal clusters <i>via</i> solid-phase peptide synthesis.

Chemical science·2024
Same author

Incorporating participants' welfare into sequential multiple assignment randomized trials.

Biometrics·2024
Same author

Clinical evaluation of a fully automated and high-throughput molecular testing system for detection of influenza virus.

Virology journal·2022
Same author

Use of biologics for systemic sclerosis and systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: Information from a Japanese hospital claims database.

Modern rheumatology·2022
Same author

Pertuzumab Plus Trastuzumab for Treatment-Refractory <i>HER2</i>-Amplified Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Comparison of the MyPathway Trial With a Real-World External Control Arm.

JCO clinical cancer informatics·2022
Same author

Use of mycophenolate mofetil in patients with pediatric and adult primary nephrotic syndrome: information from a Japanese hospital claims database.

Clinical and experimental nephrology·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

6.2K

Incorporating ethics and welfare into randomized experiments.

Yusuke Narita1,2

  • 1Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511; yusuke.narita@yale.edu.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces Experiment-as-Market (EXAM), a new randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. EXAM enhances participant welfare and accurately estimates treatment effects, improving upon standard RCTs.

Keywords:
A/B testclinical trialexperimental designmechanism designsocial experiment

More Related Videos

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

4.9K
Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
11:51

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Published on: March 2, 2011

15.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

6.2K
A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

4.9K
Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
11:51

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Published on: March 2, 2011

15.4K

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Experimental Design
  • Econometrics

Background:

  • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are crucial for research but can impact participant welfare.
  • Optimizing treatment allocation in RCTs is essential for maximizing subject well-being.
  • Existing RCT designs may not fully align with participant preferences or welfare.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate the Experiment-as-Market (EXAM) design for randomized controlled trials.
  • To demonstrate EXAM's ability to maximize participant welfare through optimal treatment assignment probabilities.
  • To assess EXAM's performance in terms of incentive compatibility and causal effect estimation accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Experiment-as-Market (EXAM) framework for RCTs.
  • Applied EXAM to a real-world water-cleaning intervention in Kenya.
  • Compared EXAM's outcomes with those of standard RCTs using welfare and estimation metrics.

Main Results:

  • EXAM optimizes treatment-assignment probabilities to maximize participant welfare.
  • The EXAM design is nearly incentive-compatible for preference elicitation.
  • EXAM provides unbiased estimates of causal effects, comparable to standard RCTs.
  • In a Kenyan water-cleaning experiment, EXAM improved predicted well-being and maintained estimation precision.

Conclusions:

  • The Experiment-as-Market (EXAM) design offers a welfare-maximizing alternative to standard RCTs.
  • EXAM enhances participant well-being without compromising the validity of causal inference.
  • EXAM represents a significant advancement in ethical and efficient experimental design for public health interventions.