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Quantifying lives lost due to variability in emergency general surgery outcomes: Why we need a national emergency
Zain G Hashmi1, Molly P Jarman, Joaquim M Havens
1From the Department of Surgery (Z.G.H., M.P.J., J.M.H., E.G., Z.C., A.S., A.H.H.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery (J.W.S.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine (E.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and The Dean's Office, Medical College (A.H.H.), Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
Background:
Nearly 4 million Americans present to hospitals with conditions requiring emergency general surgery (EGS) annually, facing significant morbidity and mortality. Unlike elective surgery and trauma, there is no dedicated national quality improvement program to improve EGS outcomes. Our objective was to estimate the number of excess deaths that could potentially be averted through EGS quality improvement in the United States.
Methods:
Adults with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma-defined EGS diagnoses were identified in the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample 2006 to 2014. Hierarchical logistic regression was performed to benchmark treating hospitals into reliability adjusted mortality quintiles. Weighted generalized linear modeling was used to calculate the relative risk of mortality at each hospital quintile, relative to best-performing quintile. We then calculated the number of excess deaths at each hospital quintile versus the best-performing quintile using techniques previously used to quantify potentially preventable trauma deaths.
Results:
Twenty-six million EGS patients were admitted, and 6.5 million (25%) underwent an operation. In-hospital mortality varied from 0.3% to 4.1% across the treating hospitals. Relative to the best-performing hospital quintile, an estimated 158,177 (153,509-162,736) excess EGS deaths occurred at lower-performing hospital quintiles. Overall, 47% of excess deaths occurred at the worst-performing hospitals, while 27% of all excess deaths occurred among the operative cohort.
Conclusion:
Nearly 200,000 excess EGS deaths occur across the United States each decade. A national initiative to enable structures and processes of care associated with optimal EGS outcomes is urgently needed to achieve "Zero Preventable Deaths after Emergency General Surgery."
Level Of Evidence:
Care management, level IV.
