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    Area of Science:

    • Ultrasound technology
    • Medical imaging
    • Biomedical engineering

    Background:

    • 2-D sparse arrays offer potential for low-cost 3-D ultrasound systems, avoiding complex integrated circuits.
    • Concerns exist regarding their suitability for Doppler investigations due to inherently poor signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel real-time 3-D pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler system utilizing a 256-element 2-D spiral array.
    • To enhance system SNR through coded transmission (TX) and matched filtering for improved Doppler imaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a 256-element 2-D spiral array for 3-D Doppler ultrasound.
    • Application of coded transmission (TX) and matched filtering techniques to boost SNR.
    • Quantitative and qualitative assessments using flow and anthropomorphic phantoms, and human volunteers.

    Main Results:

    • An 11.4 dB SNR increase was achieved by using linear chirps over standard sinusoidal bursts.
    • Demonstration of standard sonograms and multigate spectral Doppler (MSD) profiles in arbitrary planes.
    • Successful acquisition of real-time B-mode and MSD images from healthy volunteers.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed 2-D spiral array system effectively improves SNR in 3-D Doppler ultrasound.
    • The system demonstrates feasibility for real-time B-mode and spectral Doppler imaging in clinical settings.
    • This technology advances low-cost 3-D ultrasound for applications like Doppler investigation.