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Circadian rhythms and substance use disorders: A bidirectional relationship.

Eduardo K Tamura1, Kallyane S Oliveira-Silva1, Felipe A Ferreira-Moraes1

  • 1Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, BR-415, Rodovia Ilhéus- Itabuna, Km-16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil.

Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior
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The circadian system and drug addiction are bidirectionally linked. Disrupting biological rhythms (chronodisruption) can increase addiction risk, while drug use alters daily patterns and brain clock gene expression.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • The circadian system regulates 24-hour biological rhythms, synchronizing internal functions with environmental cues (zeitgebers).
  • Misalignment between circadian rhythms and external cues, known as chronodisruption, is linked to various health issues, including mental, metabolic, and addictive disorders.
  • Drug addiction is a significant global public health concern with profound individual and societal impacts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence detailing the bidirectional relationship between the circadian system and the development of addictive disorders.
  • To explore the interaction between circadian rhythms and addiction for specific drug classes (alcohol, cannabis, hallucinogens, psychostimulants, opioids).
  • To examine how drug use patterns and clock gene expression are altered during addiction progression.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies investigating the circadian system's role in drug addiction.
  • Analysis of evidence on drug use patterns and their circadian variations.
  • Examination of alterations in clock gene expression in brain regions associated with addiction.

Main Results:

  • Drug use exhibits circadian patterns that evolve with addiction progression.
  • Clock gene expression is significantly altered in brain areas crucial for drug reward, seeking, and relapse.
  • The regulation of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurocircuitry by clock genes is a key circadian mechanism in addiction escalation.

Conclusions:

  • A bidirectional interaction exists between the circadian system and drug addiction, mediated by the specific effects of abused drugs.
  • Understanding this interaction offers new strategies for addiction prevention and treatment.
  • Restoring or stabilizing circadian rhythms may reduce the risk of addiction development and relapse.