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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

6.0K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

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The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment01:29

Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

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Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

571

Retrosternal goiter.

M Švorcová, P Libánský, M Fialová

    Rozhledy V Chirurgii : Mesicnik Ceskoslovenske Chirurgicke Spolecnosti
    |January 15, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Retrosternal goiter surgery is often feasible via a cervical approach. While sternotomy increases risks like bleeding and vocal cord issues, experienced centers can manage these complex retrosternal goiter cases.

    Keywords:
    retrosternal goiter – sternotomy – thoracotomy − thyroid gland disease − vocal cord paresis

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    Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Thoracic Surgery
    • Surgical Oncology

    Background:

    • Retrosternal goiter, a thyroid mass predominantly in the mediastinum, requires surgical intervention for mechanical symptoms, thyrotoxicosis, or malignancy suspicion.
    • Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool for retrosternal goiters.
    • Surgical access for retrosternal goiter includes cervical incision, sternotomy, or thoracotomy.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the surgical outcomes of retrosternal goiter cases at a single institution.
    • To analyze patient demographics, surgical approaches, and postoperative complications.
    • To assess the safety and efficacy of different surgical techniques for retrosternal goiter removal.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 1739 thyroid surgeries performed between 2011 and 2019.
    • Inclusion of 202 patients with retrosternal goiters.
    • Data collection on age, gender, retrosternal extension, operative time, and histological findings.
    • Monitoring of postoperative complications, including hypocalcemia, bleeding, and dysphonia.

    Main Results:

    • Retrosternal goiters were identified in 19.2% of thyroid surgery patients.
    • Sternotomy was employed in 31 cases; women constituted 61% of patients.
    • Temporary hypocalcemia (32%) and permanent vocal cord paresis (9.3%) were observed.
    • No serious postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation occurred; one perioperative death was linked to a concurrent cardiothoracic procedure.

    Conclusions:

    • The cervical approach is suitable for the majority of retrosternal goiter resections.
    • Sternotomy for total thyroidectomy is linked to increased morbidity, mortality, blood loss, and hospital stay but not long-term complications.
    • Complex procedures like sternotomy or thoracotomy for retrosternal goiters should be performed at specialized centers with relevant expertise.