Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Experimental RNAi

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...

RNA Interference

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Prostate cancer in situ autovaccination with the intratumoral viral mimic poly-ICLC: Modulating the cold tumor microenvironment.

Med (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Same author

In Situ Vaccination with Poly-ICLC Combined with Systemic Nivolumab for the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma·2025

Same author

Atezolizumab plus personalized neoantigen vaccination in urothelial cancer: a phase 1 trial.

Nature cancer·2025

Same author

PGV001, a Multi-Peptide Personalized Neoantigen Vaccine Platform: Phase I Study in Patients with Solid and Hematologic Malignancies in the Adjuvant Setting.

Cancer discovery·2025

Same author

STAT5 Activation Enhances Adoptive Therapy Combined with Peptide Vaccination by Preventing PD-1 Inhibition.

Molecular cancer therapeutics·2024

Same author

Neoantigen-specific cytotoxic Tr1 CD4 T cells suppress cancer immunotherapy.

Nature·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

Published on: September 8, 2015

Double-Stranded RNA Immunomodulators in Prostate Cancer.

Andres M Salazar¹, Esteban Celis²

¹Oncovir, Inc, 3203 Cleveland Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC 20008, USA.

The Urologic Clinics of North America

|January 15, 2021

Summary

Synthetic double-stranded RNAs, like poly-ICLC, mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to trigger antiviral and antitumor immunity. These PAMP mimics are explored as vaccine adjuvants and standalone therapies, with careful dosing and administration crucial for effectiveness.

Keywords:

Immunotherapy Poly-ICLC Prostate cancer dsRNA

More Related Videos

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Published on: March 6, 2018

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Published on: May 16, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

miRNA Expression Analyses in Prostate Cancer Clinical Tissues

Published on: September 8, 2015

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

A Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Orthotopic Syngeneic Murine Model of Androgen-dependent and Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Published on: March 6, 2018

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Published on: May 16, 2012

Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Oncology
Vaccinology

Background:

Synthetic double-stranded RNAs function as potent pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) mimics.
These molecules initiate broad antiviral and antitumor immune responses.
Their therapeutic applications are emerging, particularly as vaccine adjuvants.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advancements in the utilization of synthetic double-stranded RNAs.
To focus on polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-ICLC) and its derivatives.
To highlight their role in modulating host defense mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on synthetic double-stranded RNAs.
Analysis of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-ICLC) and its derivatives.
Examination of immunomodulatory effects and clinical applications.

Main Results:

Synthetic double-stranded RNAs effectively induce antiviral and antitumor responses.
Poly-ICLC and related compounds show promise as PAMP-adjuvants in vaccines.
Optimal immunogenicity depends on dose, timing, and route of administration.

Conclusions:

Synthetic double-stranded RNAs are valuable tools for stimulating host defense.
Poly-ICLC represents a significant development in PAMP-mimicking therapeutics.
Further research into clinical variables will optimize their therapeutic potential.