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Functional Classification of Joints
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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
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The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no...
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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The Shoulder Joint and Common Abnormalities.

Rebecca Stokes1, David Dycus2

  • 1Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Vet Med, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|January 15, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers common canine shoulder pathologies like osteochondrosis and luxation. Accurate diagnosis requires thorough examination of this complex joint crucial for forelimb lameness.

Keywords:
ArthroscopyBicipital tendinopathyInfraspinatus contractureMedial shoulder syndromeOsteochondritis dissecansOsteochondrosisShoulder luxationSupraspinatus tendinopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Orthopedics
  • Canine Musculoskeletal System

Background:

  • The canine shoulder is a complex joint vital for forelimb function.
  • Its intricate anatomy and biomechanics present diagnostic challenges.
  • Forelimb lameness is often associated with shoulder pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of common canine shoulder pathologies.
  • To highlight the importance of thorough diagnostic work-up.
  • To aid in accurate diagnosis and management of shoulder conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on canine shoulder pathologies.
  • Synthesis of information on anatomy, biomechanics, and clinical presentation.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches for common conditions.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of osteochondrosis, tendinopathies (bicipital, supraspinatus), infraspinatus contracture, medial shoulder syndrome, and luxation.
  • Emphasis on the need for comprehensive examination.
  • Identification of key diagnostic considerations for each pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Canine shoulder pathologies are diverse and require specialized diagnostic expertise.
  • Accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment of forelimb lameness.
  • This review serves as a resource for understanding and diagnosing common shoulder conditions in dogs.