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Analysis of ABO and Rh Blood Type Association With Acute COVID-19 Infection in Hospitalized Patients: A Superficial
Priyanka Bhandari1, Richard Jesse Durrance2, Penpa Bhuti1
1Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Elmhurst Hospital Center, Elmhurst, NY 11373, USA.
Insights
ABO blood types and Rh factor were studied for their association with COVID-19 susceptibility and mortality. The study found no significant link between blood type and COVID-19 outcomes, despite initial observations of higher mortality in Rh-negative patients.
Area of Science:
- Hematology
- Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Millions affected by COVID-19, prompting research into risk factors.
- Previous studies suggested ABO blood types may influence disease susceptibility, but evidence is limited.
- This study investigates the link between ABO/Rh blood type and COVID-19 susceptibility and mortality.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the association between ABO/Rh blood type and COVID-19 susceptibility.
- To assess the relationship between ABO/Rh blood type and mortality in admitted COVID-19 patients.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 825 admitted COVID-19 patients and 396 controls.
- Demographics and medical history analyzed concerning ABO/Rh blood type.
- Multivariate models used to evaluate confounding factors for susceptibility and mortality.
Main Results:
- COVID-19 patients were older with male predominance.
- Lower representation of B-positive and AB-positive blood types observed in COVID-19 cases.
- No significant difference in mortality among ABO blood groups, but higher mortality in Rh-negative individuals, confounded by age, sex, BMI, and HbA1c.
Conclusions:
- ABO and Rh blood types do not show a significant relationship with COVID-19 susceptibility.
- While Rh-negative patients had higher mortality, this was significantly confounded by other factors.
- Overall, blood type is not a significant predictor of COVID-19 susceptibility or mortality in this population.
Background:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected millions of people worldwide, and considerable effort is focused on identifying certain populations at increased risk. ABO blood types have been associated with disease susceptibility; however, evidence remains limited. Our aim was to determine the association between ABO/Rh blood type with disease susceptibility and mortality among admitted COVID-19 patients.
Methods:
A retrospective analysis of patients with COVID-19 requiring admission was undertaken. Demographics and pertinent medical history were analyzed with respect to ABO/Rh blood type: between the cases and a control population; as well as with respect to mortality in the COVID-19 population in univariate analysis. Potential confounding factors were evaluated by multivariate models. The main outcomes were disease susceptibility by comparison of blood type prevalence between populations, and mortality within the COVID-19 population.
Results:
A total of 825 cases (admitted with confirmed COVID-19 infection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) and 396 controls (seen at the same institution during the calendar year of 2019) were included. The COVID-19 population was older with male predominance. It was heavily represented by blood types O-positive (53%) and A-positive (23%), while lower representation was observed in groups B-positive (odds ratio (OR): 0.61, P = 0.013) and AB-positive (OR: 0.46, P = 0.014). Neither relationship remained significant in pairwise analysis. Within the COVID-19 population, no mortality difference was appreciated between ABO groups (P = 0.312), but higher mortality was observed in Rh negative group (P = 0.01). The latter of which was significantly confounded by age (P < 0.001), sex (P = 0.022), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.001), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (P < 0.001) in multivariate analysis.
Conclusions:
While type A blood appears to be weakly more prevalent with respect to B and AB types in hospitalized patients, strong confounders of age and sex dilute this significance. Rh-negative patients appear to have a higher mortality, although this too is strongly confounded. Overall, ABO and Rh blood types do not have a significant relationship with susceptibility and mortality with COVID-19 infection in our population.
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