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Three-dimensional Confocal Analysis of Microglia/macrophage Markers of Polarization in Experimental Brain Injury
Published on: September 4, 2013
[Astragaloside Ⅳ inhibits inflammation after cerebral ischemia in rats through promoting microglia/macrophage M2
Xintian Zheng1, Haiyan Gan1, Lin Li2
1College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
Objective:
To investigate the effects of astragaloside Ⅳ (AS-Ⅳ) on microglia/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia in rats.
Methods:
Forty eight male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation control group, model control group and AS-Ⅳ group with 16 rats in each. Focal cerebral ischemia model was induced by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) using the intraluminal filament. After ischemia induced, the rats in AS-Ⅳ group were intraperitoneally injected with 40 mg/kg AS-Ⅳ once a day for 3 days. The neurological functions were evaluated by the modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and the corner test on d1 and d3 after modelling. The infarct volume was measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining on d3 after ischemia. The expression of M1 microglia/macrophage markers CD86, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, M2 microglia/macrophages markers CD206, arginase-1 (Arg-1), chitinase-like protein (YM1/2) and anti-inflammatory factors interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was detected by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of CD16/32/Iba1 and CD206/Iba1 was determined by double labeling immunefluorescence method in the peripheral area of cerebral ischemia.
Results:
Compared with model control group, AS-Ⅳ treatment improved neurological function recovery and reduced infarct volume after ischemia (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The qRT-PCR results showed that AS-Ⅳ treatment down-regulated the expression of CD86, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 mRNA (all P<0.01), and up-regulated the expression of CD206, Arg-1, YM1/2, IL-10 and TGF-β mRNA (all P<0.01). Furthermore, the results of immunefluorescence labeling showed that AS-Ⅳ treatment reduced the number of CD16/32+/Iba1+ cells (P<0.05) and increased the number of CD206+/Iba1+ cells (P<0.01) after cerebral ischemia.
Conclusions:
The findings suggest that AS-Ⅳ ameliorates brain injury after cerebral ischemia in rats, which may be related to inhibiting inflammation through promoting the polarization of the microglia/macrophage from M1 to M2 phenotype in the ischemic brain.
Insights
Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) treatment improved neurological function and reduced brain injury in rats following cerebral ischemia. This neuroprotective effect is linked to promoting microglia/macrophage M2 polarization and reducing inflammation.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Cerebral ischemia triggers inflammatory responses involving microglia and macrophages.
- Microglia/macrophage polarization into M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes plays a critical role in brain injury.
- Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is a compound with potential therapeutic properties.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the impact of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on microglia/macrophage polarization.
- To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of AS-IV in a rat model of cerebral ischemia.
- To determine if AS-IV can modulate the M1/M2 balance in the ischemic brain.
Main Methods:
- A rat model of focal cerebral ischemia was established via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).
- Rats were treated with AS-IV (40 mg/kg/day for 3 days) or vehicle.
- Neurological function, infarct volume, gene expression (M1/M2 markers, inflammatory cytokines), and cell immunofluorescence were assessed.
Main Results:
- AS-IV treatment significantly improved neurological scores and reduced infarct volume compared to controls.
- AS-IV down-regulated M1 markers (CD86, iNOS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6).
- AS-IV up-regulated M2 markers (CD206, Arg-1, YM1/2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β), and shifted the M1/M2 cell ratio.
Conclusions:
- Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) demonstrates neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia.
- AS-IV ameliorates brain injury by inhibiting inflammation.
- The therapeutic mechanism involves promoting the M1 to M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages in the ischemic brain.
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