Left ventricular function during chronic endotoxemia in swine

Cardiac performance was studied in 15 chronically instrumented awake pigs during chronic endotoxemia (CET) induced by intravenous infusion of low doses of endotoxin. We sought to test the hypothesis that left ventricular inotropic state was depressed during the stage of chronic endotoxemia when cardiac output, heart rate, and left ventricular systolic pressures are elevated, termed "hyperdynamic sepsis". Left ventricular pressure, internal short axis diameter (SAX), pulmonary artery blood flow, and electrocardiogram were recorded. After initial surgical preparation, each pig was observed for 7-10 days to measure representative basal values. Each pig was then reoperated on day 10 to implant an endotoxin-loaded osmotic pump whose output, infused Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin at a rate calculated to be 10 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 for up to 7 days. Cardiac performance was monitored by measuring dP/dt, heart rate, stroke volume, end-diastolic diameter, percent change in diameter, and the slope of the end-systolic pressure diameter relationship (ESPDR). Data from the basal days were pooled and compared with the data obtained each day of CET by two-way analysis of variance. Ten of 15 pigs survived more than 2 days of CET; 5 died before the morning of the second CET day. The surviving pigs demonstrated elevated systolic pressures, left ventricular maximum rate of pressure development (+dP/dtmax and -dP/dtmax), heart rates, and cardiac output. However, both ESPDR and percent SAX shortening were significantly depressed during both CET days. We conclude that cardiac inotropic state is depressed during hyperdynamic sepsis as indicated by the load-independent parameter ESPDR and confirmed by depressed percent SAX shortening.