Tuning the Crystallinity and Coverage of SiO₂-ZnIn₂S₄ Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Efficient Hydrogen Generation

The coverage, thickness, and crystallinity of ZnIn₂S₄ (ZIS) shells on SiO₂ core nanoparticles (SiO₂@ZIS) were systematically investigated using microwave-assisted solvothermal methods aided by the addition of acid in ethanolic medium. The surface modification of the SiO₂ cores with (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane was found to be critical to generate a homogeneous coverage of ZnIn₂S₄. The SiO₂@ZIS core-shell nanoparticles exhibited the best coverage but poor crystallinity when synthesized in pure ethanol, whereas best crystallinity but poor coverage was observed when synthesized in an aqueous solution. The addition of selected amounts of acid (HCl) led to improved crystallinity in the ethanolic medium. The thickness of the ZIS shell could be controlled in an ethanolic solution by judiciously varying the amounts of acid and the concentration of the ZIS precursor. Increasing the concentration of the ZIS precursor to twice the standard concentration in ethanolic solution with the addition of 100 μL of HCl afforded better crystallinity, homogeneous coverage, and optimal photocatalytic hydrogen production.