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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Imaging Features to Predict Response to Olfactory Training in Post-Traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction.

Aytug Altundag1, Ozlem Saatci2, Sedat G Kandemirli3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey.

The Laryngoscope
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction has poor prognosis, but olfactory training (OT) offers hope. Imaging features like cribriform plate fractures and olfactory bulb changes can predict a better response to OT, aiding treatment selection.

Keywords:
Olfactory dysfunctionSniffin' Sticks testhead-traumaolfactory training

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction often has a poor prognosis with limited success from medical treatments.
  • Olfactory training (OT) is a potential therapeutic approach for improving smell dysfunction.
  • Identifying predictors of OT response is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify imaging features that predict a better response to olfactory training in patients with post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction.
  • To develop an imaging-based prognostic scale for olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 52 patients with post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction who underwent OT.
  • Olfactory function assessed using Sniffin' Sticks test and TDI scores.
  • Analysis of imaging features including olfactory fossa morphology, olfactory bulb volume and abnormalities, olfactory nerve integrity, siderosis, and encephalomalacic changes.

Main Results:

  • A predictive model incorporating cribriform plate fracture, olfactory fossa depth, olfactory bulb encephalomalacia, olfactory bulb volume, and siderosis was developed.
  • The model demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.950 for predicting OT response.
  • A cut-off value of 1 yielded 76.5% sensitivity and 97.1% specificity in predicting response to OT.

Conclusions:

  • An imaging-based scoring system was developed to predict olfactory training response in post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction.
  • This tool can aid in patient counseling and optimizing management strategies.
  • The scoring system shows good specificity for predicting treatment outcomes.