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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Conditions of Equilibrium01:28

Conditions of Equilibrium

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Equilibrium refers to a state where a rigid body is not subjected to any translational or rotational motion. This state is achieved when the force and couple acting on a rigid body equal zero. When the system of external forces results in a net effect equivalent to zero, the rigid body is considered to be in equilibrium.
Internal forces are not considered for conditions of equilibrium because they occur in equal and opposite pairs within the body, effectively canceling each other. As a result,...
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Stability of Equilibrium Configuration01:23

Stability of Equilibrium Configuration

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Understanding the stability of equilibrium configurations is a fundamental part of mechanical engineering. In any system, there are three distinct types of equilibrium: stable, neutral, and unstable.
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Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram01:25

Deactivation Processes: Jablonski Diagram

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Luminescence, the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy, is a process that involves the interaction of molecules with light. The energy-level diagram, or Jablonski diagram, is a graphical representation of these interactions, illustrating the various states and transitions a molecule can undergo. In a typical Jablonski diagram, the lowest horizontal line represents the ground-state energy of the molecule, which is usually a singlet state. This state represents the energies...
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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

15N CPMG Relaxation Dispersion for the Investigation of Protein Conformational Dynamics on the µs-ms Timescale
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Regime Map and Triple Point in Selective Withdrawal.

Zehao Pan1, Janine K Nunes1, Howard A Stone1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selective withdrawal fluid entrainment is influenced by the capillary tube

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Multiphase Flow
  • Interfacial Phenomena

Background:

  • Selective withdrawal involves extracting fluids from different layers through a single opening.
  • Understanding entrainment is crucial for controlling fluid separation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the key factors governing fluid entrainment during selective withdrawal.
  • To elucidate the influence of flow dynamics and fluid properties on entrainment.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup with a capillary tube perpendicular to a liquid-liquid interface.
  • Analysis of fluid withdrawal ratios and flow rates.
  • Application of dimensionless numbers (Reynolds and Capillary numbers) to characterize flow behavior.

Main Results:

  • Withdrawal ratios are affected by the upstream flow's region of influence.
  • A minimum withdrawal flow rate is necessary for entrainment, irrespective of interface distance.
  • Phenomena are explained by the Reynolds number and Capillary number.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a framework for understanding selective withdrawal entrainment.
  • Reynolds and Capillary numbers are critical parameters for predicting entrainment behavior.
  • Findings are applicable to optimizing fluid separation and extraction processes.