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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Nervous Tissue: Myelin01:25

Nervous Tissue: Myelin

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The myelin sheath is a multilayered lipid and protein covering that insulates the axon of a neuron, enhancing the speed of nerve impulse conduction. Axons without this sheath are referred to as unmyelinated. Two types of neuroglia, Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for producing myelin sheaths.
Schwann cells begin to form myelin sheaths around axons during fetal development. They wrap around a small...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors
04:59

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors

Published on: September 27, 2019

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A basophil-neuronal axis promotes itch.

Fang Wang1, Anna M Trier2, Fengxian Li3

  • 1Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.

Cell
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute itch flares in atopic dermatitis (AD) are driven by a novel basophil-leukotriene pathway, not the typical mast cell-histamine axis. This finding reveals a new target for managing severe itch in AD patients.

Keywords:
IgEallergyatopic dermatitisbasophilsitchleukotrienemast cellspruritussensory neurons

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Chronic itch, particularly in atopic dermatitis (AD), is debilitating.
  • Acute itch exacerbations are common in AD but poorly understood.
  • Existing anti-itch treatments target neuroimmune pathways, but acute flare mechanisms are overlooked.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms underlying acute itch flares in atopic dermatitis.
  • To identify key cellular and molecular players in AD-associated acute itch.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in AD patients.
  • Murine models of acute itch in steady-state and AD-associated inflammation.
  • Investigation of mast cell-histamine and basophil-leukotriene pathways.

Main Results:

  • AD patients frequently exhibit allergen-specific IgE and acute itch flares.
  • In mice, the mast cell-histamine axis is dispensable for acute itch during AD-like inflammation.
  • A critical basophil-leukotriene (LT) axis becomes essential for acute itch flares in AD models.

Conclusions:

  • Acute itch exacerbations in AD are mediated by a distinct basophil-leukotriene pathway.
  • This pathway bypasses the conventional mast cell-histamine axis in inflamed skin.
  • A basophil-neuronal circuit may be a key target for treating severe itch in AD and other neuroimmune conditions.