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Depression risk factors and affect dynamics: An experience sampling study.

Carter J Funkhouser1, Ariela J E Kaiser2, Kira L Alqueza3

  • 1Northwestern University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 680 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA; University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, 1007 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.

Journal of Psychiatric Research
|January 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Major depressive disorder (MDD) risk factors like past episodes and family history predict higher negative affect (NA) and inflexibility in positive affect (PA). Blunted reward responses also increase NA inflexibility, suggesting these dynamics may confer depression risk.

Keywords:
EmotionFamily historyInertiaInstabilityMajor depressive disorderReward positivity (RewP)

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Affect dynamics, or how emotional information is processed, offer insights into depression development.
  • Prior studies focused on currently depressed individuals; this study examines risk factors in non-depressed adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if established risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) predict affect dynamics in non-depressed young adults.
  • To determine if past MDD episodes, family history of MDD, or blunted reward neurophysiology predict levels, instability, or inertia of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).

Main Methods:

  • 68 non-depressed young adults completed up to 6 daily surveys for 14 days to assess momentary PA and NA.
  • MDD history and family history were assessed via semi-structured interviews.
  • Reward neurophysiology was indexed using Reward Positivity (event-related potential).

Main Results:

  • Past MDD episodes predicted higher mean NA levels.
  • Family history of MDD predicted greater PA inertia (inflexibility).
  • Blunted reward reactivity predicted greater NA inertia.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated mean NA levels and affect inflexibility (PA and NA) may be potential mechanisms conferring risk for depression.
  • These findings extend understanding of affect dynamics as vulnerability markers for MDD.