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Related Concept Videos

Polymers02:34

Polymers

39.4K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

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Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
282
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

4.1K
Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): Biopolymers for Biofuel and Biorefineries.

Shahina Riaz1, Kyong Yop Rhee2, Soo Jin Park1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.

Polymers
|January 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) offer a novel biofuel alternative to fossil fuels. These microbial polyesters can be produced and processed into biofuels, addressing environmental concerns and reducing costs.

Keywords:
PHAs biofuelsbiofuelsbiorefineriespolyhydroxyalkanoatesrenewable energy

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Renewable Energy
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Fossil fuels dominate global energy but cause significant environmental and health issues.
  • Biofuels are renewable alternatives but face challenges like high costs and the fuel vs. food debate.
  • Novel biofuel sources and efficient production methods are crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the microbial production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs).
  • To explore the conversion of PHAs into biofuels.
  • To discuss parameters, biorefineries, and future prospects for PHA-based biofuels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of microbial synthesis of PHAs.
  • Analysis of PHA methyl esterification for biofuel production.
  • Examination of factors influencing PHA biofuel yield and processing.

Main Results:

  • PHAs are diverse microbial polyesters suitable for biofuel conversion via methyl esterification.
  • PHA-based biofuels possess high oxygen content and lack nitrogen and sulfur, differentiating them from biodiesel.
  • The review covers PHA production, fuel conversion, and biorefinery concepts.

Conclusions:

  • PHAs represent a promising feedstock for developing advanced biofuels.
  • Further research into PHA production and processing is needed to overcome current limitations.
  • PHA-based biofuels could offer a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels.