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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Small non-coding RNAs in human cancer: function, clinical utility, and characterization.

Zhao Zhang1, Jian Zhang2, Lixia Diao3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. zzzczeus@163.com.

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Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are crucial in gene regulation and cancer development. This review highlights their roles, clinical potential as biomarkers and therapeutics, and high-throughput characterization methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) regulate gene expression at multiple levels.
  • sncRNAs are increasingly recognized for their involvement in cancer development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional roles of four key sncRNA species in tumorigenesis.
  • To discuss the clinical utility of sncRNAs as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
  • To summarize high-throughput methods for sncRNA characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on sncRNAs in cancer.
  • Focus on small nucleolar RNAs, transfer RNA, small nuclear RNAs, and piwi-interacting RNAs.
  • Discussion of library construction and computational frameworks for sncRNA analysis.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of the functions of specific sncRNAs in cancer progression.
  • Exploration of sncRNAs as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
  • Identification of sncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets in oncology.

Conclusions:

  • sncRNAs play significant roles in cancer biology.
  • sncRNAs hold promise as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
  • Advanced characterization techniques are vital for understanding sncRNA functions in cancer.