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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

5.4K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme...
670
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

7.1K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
7.1K
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

182
Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
182
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

5.4K
Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
5.4K
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

4.6K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Combining Non-reducing SDS-PAGE Analysis and Chemical Crosslinking to Detect Multimeric Complexes Stabilized by Disulfide Linkages in Mammalian Cells in Culture
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Steroid disulfates - Sulfation double trouble.

Thomas Alec Lightning1, Tarsis F Gesteira2, Jonathan Wolf Mueller3

  • 1Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
|January 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Steroid disulfates, formed by sulfation pathways, are less active but linked to diseases. New research offers insights into their production and function, aiding future diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
PAPS synthase/PAPS synthetase/PAPSS1/PAPSS2Steroid disulfate/steroid bis-sulfatesulfation/sulfurylation/sulfonationsulfotransferase SULT2A1

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolomics

Background:

  • Sulfation regulates steroid hormone activity, increasing water solubility and decreasing biological activity.
  • Steroid diols can undergo a second sulfation step, forming steroid disulfates.
  • Steroid disulfates are increasingly identified in untargeted metabolomics studies linked to various clinical conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemical production of steroid disulfates.
  • To discuss the putative biological functions of steroid disulfates.
  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding sulfation pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sulfation pathways and steroid disulfates.
  • Analysis of data from untargeted metabolomics studies.
  • Exploration of novel analytical techniques for biosynthetic routes.

Main Results:

  • Steroid disulfates are formed via sulfotransferases acting on steroid diols.
  • These disulfates are biologically less active than their monosulfated counterparts.
  • Emerging analytical techniques provide new insights into steroid disulfate biosynthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Steroid disulfates represent a significant regulatory layer in steroid hormone metabolism.
  • Further research into sulfation pathways and steroid disulfates holds promise for disease diagnosis and treatment.
  • Advancements in analytical methods are crucial for understanding these complex biological processes.