Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Coagulation01:06

Coagulation

641
Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...
641
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

3.2K
In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
3.2K
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

2.9K
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
2.9K
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

2.7K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
2.7K
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.7K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
1.7K
Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Enzyme Kinetics

102.2K
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
102.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Complex coacervates enable microRNA concentration for direct nanopore detection.

Lab on a chip·2026
Same author

Controlling interfacial protein adsorption, desorption and aggregation in biomolecular condensates.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Differential stability and dynamics of DNA-based and RNA-based coacervates affect non-enzymatic RNA chemistry.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Amino acids bind to phase-separating proteins and modulate biomolecular condensate stability and dynamics.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Selective Ion Binding and Uptake Shape the Microenvironment of Biomolecular Condensates.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025
Same author

Controlling Multiphase Coacervate Wetting and Self-Organization by Interfacial Proteins.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

19.1K

Enzymatic control over coacervation.

Karina K Nakashima1, Alain A M André1, Evan Spruijt1

  • 1Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Methods in Enzymology
|January 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enzymatic reactions create dynamic membraneless organelles (MLOs) from coacervate droplets, mimicking cellular environments. This research addresses challenges in controlling these complex, two-phase systems for advanced cellular modeling.

Keywords:
Chemically active systemsCoacervatesEnzymatic controlMembraneless organellesPhase separationSynthetic cell

More Related Videos

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
08:34

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 5, 2020

7.0K
A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating
09:01

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Published on: July 8, 2016

7.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
16:24

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

19.1K
OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
08:34

OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

Published on: February 5, 2020

7.0K
A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating
09:01

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Published on: July 8, 2016

7.2K

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Membraneless organelles (MLOs) form via liquid-liquid phase separation, crucial for cellular organization.
  • Disordered and charged protein domains drive phase separation, making coacervates valuable models for MLOs.
  • Coacervates can mimic cellular media, aiding MLO regulation studies and dynamic compartment development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe coacervate systems where enzymatic reactions create dynamic, active compartments.
  • To explore the use of coacervates as models for understanding membraneless organelle regulation.
  • To address the complexities and challenges of enzymatic reactions within heterogeneous coacervate media.

Main Methods:

  • Development of two distinct coacervate systems incorporating enzymatic reactions.
  • Modification of component charge and length via enzymatic activity to influence coacervation.
  • Analysis of enzymatic reactions within the complex, two-phase coacervate environment.

Main Results:

  • Enzymatic reactions successfully endowed coacervate droplets with dynamic properties.
  • Demonstrated the ability to create active, cellular-like compartments using coacervates.
  • Identified and discussed technical challenges inherent in these two-phase enzymatic systems.

Conclusions:

  • Enzymatic reactions offer a versatile strategy to engineer dynamic coacervate compartments.
  • Overcoming challenges in heterogeneous coacervate systems is key to achieving precise control.
  • These systems provide valuable insights into MLO formation and function, advancing biomimetic research.