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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Published on: December 31, 2013

Commonalities and differences in predictive neural processing of discrete vs continuous action feedback.

Christina V Schmitter¹, Olaf Steinsträter², Tilo Kircher¹

¹Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Strasse 8, 35039 Marburg, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.

|January 17, 2021

Summary

Action feedback processing differs based on feedback type. Continuous feedback engages specific brain regions like the superior temporal gyrus, while discrete feedback enhances visual cortex activity for perceptual improvements.

Keywords:

Action feedback BOLD suppression Forward model Predictive processing fMRI

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Perception

Background:

Predictable sensory consequences of actions typically engage fewer neural resources than external events, often leading to suppressed sensory cortex activity.
Divergent findings exist regarding perceptual sensitivity to action consequences, possibly due to differences in feedback type (discrete vs. continuous).

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of discrete and continuous action feedback on perceptual and neural processing during action feedback monitoring.
To explore how different feedback types influence neural suppression and perceptual sensitivity.

Main Methods:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to monitor brain activity.
Participants detected temporal delays between self-generated or externally-generated movements and visual feedback.
Visual feedback was either continuous during movement or presented as a discrete outcome.

Main Results:

Both discrete and continuous feedback types induced neural suppression (active
Continuous feedback resulted in greater suppression in the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), Heschl’s gyrus, and insula compared to discrete feedback.
BOLD suppression in the visual cortex for discrete outcomes correlated with perceptual enhancement.

Conclusions:

Neural representations of discrete and continuous action feedback are similarly suppressed but may rely on distinct predictive mechanisms.
Reduced visual cortex activation facilitates perception specifically for discrete outcomes.
Predictive processing in the STG, Heschl’s gyrus, and insula is particularly important for continuous feedback processing.