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Related Concept Videos

Energy Balance01:19

Energy Balance

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The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
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Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...
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The human body is a powerhouse of energy, with every cell performing numerous functions that require energy. This energy production and consumption is measured by the metabolic rate, which quantifies the total heat generated by all the body's chemical reactions and mechanical work. This measurement helps to determine the rate of kilocalorie (kcal) consumption needed to fuel all ongoing activities.
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State01:25

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During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...
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Despite the strong genetic influence on traits like intelligence, environmental factors significantly shape outcomes. For example, while over 90% of height variation is due to genetic differences, environmental factors such as nutrition also have a notable impact. Similarly, for intelligence, changes in a child's surroundings can significantly alter their IQ. Research shows that enriched environments boost children's academic success and help them develop key cognitive skills. Children...
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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Breakfast Habits among Schoolchildren in the City of Uruguaiana, Brazil
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Childhood Daily Energy Expenditure Does Not Decrease with Market Integration and Is Not Related to Adiposity in

Samuel S Urlacher1,2, J Josh Snodgrass3,4, Lara R Dugas5

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.

The Journal of Nutrition
|January 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB) in low- and middle-income countries is linked to dietary changes, not energy expenditure. Market-acquired foods, particularly protein and carbohydrates, predict increased body fat in transitioning populations.

Keywords:
Ecuadordoubly labeled watereconomic developmentnutrition transitionobesity

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Area of Science:

  • Human biology
  • Nutritional science
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Childhood overweight and obesity (OW/OB) is a growing concern in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
  • Market integration and lifestyle changes in rural populations contribute to OW/OB.
  • Previous studies lacked precise energy expenditure data, limiting understanding of OW/OB development in transitioning contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the drivers of OW/OB and the nutrition/epidemiologic transition using gold-standard measurements of children's energy expenditure.
  • To differentiate the roles of diet and energy expenditure in OW/OB development.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of Shuar children (ages 4-12) in rural and peri-urban Amazonian Ecuador.
  • Utilized doubly labeled water for total energy expenditure (TEE) and respirometry for resting energy expenditure (REE).
  • Collected data on diet, physical activity, immune activity, and market integration, analyzed using regression models.

Main Results:

  • Peri-urban children exhibited higher body fat, increased consumption of market foods, and lower REE compared to rural children.
  • Despite differences in REE and diet, peri-urban children's TEE was similar to rural children.
  • Only consumption of market-acquired protein and carbohydrate foods predicted children's body fat levels.

Conclusions:

  • Shuar children's TEE is not strongly linked to market integration or adiposity.
  • Resting energy expenditure (REE) showed some association with immune markers and income, but not overall TEE.
  • Findings suggest that changes in dietary intake play a primary role in the transition to OW/OB in LMICs.