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Related Concept Videos

Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
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tRNA Activation02:26

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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tRNA Activation02:26

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RNA Structure01:19

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
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RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
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An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

Published on: October 8, 2018

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Distinct evolutionary pathways for the synthesis and function of tRNA modifications.

Satoshi Kimura1

  • 1Dr Matthew Waldor's lab at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. He completed his PhD and early postdoc work in Dr Tsutomu Suzuki's lab at the University of Tokyo.

Briefings in Functional Genomics
|January 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs), crucial for protein synthesis, are modified post-transcriptionally. These modifications, sometimes evolved independently, impact tRNA function and stability across life domains.

Keywords:
convergent evolutiontRNA modificationtranslation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are essential adaptor molecules in protein translation.
  • Post-transcriptional modifications (tRNA modifications) critically regulate tRNA functions and stability.
  • Different life domains exhibit unique and shared tRNA modification sets, with some modifications performing analogous functions across domains.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which tRNA modifications influence tRNA function, including decoding and stability.
  • To highlight tRNA modifications synthesized through distinct evolutionary pathways and biosynthetic mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on tRNA modifications.
  • Analysis of evolutionary patterns in tRNA modification synthesis.
  • Examination of biochemical pathways for tRNA modification.

Main Results:

  • tRNA modifications are diverse, with some conserved and others unique to specific life domains.
  • Independent evolution of enzymes synthesizing identical tRNA modifications across different organisms has been observed.
  • Specific tRNA modifications demonstrably modulate decoding accuracy and tRNA molecule stability.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA modifications are vital for cellular function, exhibiting convergent evolution in their synthesis pathways.
  • Understanding these modifications provides insights into tRNA adaptability and evolutionary strategies across life.