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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
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Management of atherosclerosis involves an integrated strategy encompassing pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, lifestyle changes, and nutrition therapy to address the multifactorial nature of the disease.Pharmacological TherapyA cornerstone of atherosclerosis management is the use of pharmacological agents. Statins, such as atorvastatin, are pivotal in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes an initial step in cholesterol synthesis in the liver. This reduction in...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A Human Ex Vivo Atherosclerotic Plaque Model to Study Lesion Biology
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Regulatory Non-coding RNAs in Atherosclerosis.

Andreas Schober1, Saffiyeh Saboor Maleki2, Maliheh Nazari-Jahantigh2

  • 1Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Andreas.Schober@med.uni-muenchen.de.

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Summary

Regulatory RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are key players in atherosclerosis. Targeting their interactions offers promising therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords:
Endothelial cellLong non-coding RNAMacrophageMicroRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Regulatory RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), significantly influence vascular and immune cell function.
  • These regulatory RNAs interact, forming complex networks that impact atherosclerosis development and lesion formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the roles of regulatory RNAs in endothelial cells (ECs) and macrophages within the context of atherosclerosis.
  • To derive novel insights into atherosclerosis pathogenesis by analyzing current data on regulatory RNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of existing scientific literature on regulatory RNAs in atherosclerosis.
  • Focus on the distinct responses of ECs to shear stress and the plasticity of macrophages.

Main Results:

  • Dysfunctional laminar flow induces miRNA-mediated stress responses in ECs, with miR-126-5p promoting regeneration and miR-103-3p driving inflammation.
  • In macrophages, miRNAs regulate metabolism and inflammation, influencing foam cell formation and NF-kB signaling (e.g., miR-155, miR-146).
  • Long non-coding RNAs like MALAT1 can sequester miRNAs, modulating their activity.

Conclusions:

  • The function of regulatory RNAs in atherosclerosis is highly context-dependent.
  • Targeting specific miRNA-lncRNA interactions presents a promising therapeutic avenue for cardiovascular diseases.