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Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Tooth chipping prevalence and patterns in extant primates.

Ian Towle1, Carolina Loch1

  • 1Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|January 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Primate tooth chipping rates reveal dietary habits. Hard food consumption correlates with higher chipping, while Homo fossils show distinct patterns suggesting non-food causes like grit or tool use.

Keywords:
dietenamel chippinghard foodsprimatestooth fractures

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Primate Paleobiology
  • Bioarchaeology

Background:

  • Tooth chipping, enamel loss from occlusal edges, offers insights into primate diets and behaviors.
  • Understanding chipping patterns in extant primates is crucial for interpreting fossil evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare tooth chipping patterns in extant primates.
  • To assess the relationship between hard-object feeding and tooth chipping.
  • To inform dietary and behavioral inferences in fossil hominins.

Main Methods:

  • Examined 13 extant primate species, recording fracture severity, position, and number.
  • Included data from literature for additional species.
  • Correlated chipping rates with dietary categories (hard-object feeders, seasonal hard food consumers, infrequent hard food consumers).

Main Results:

  • Hard-object feeding specialists exhibited significantly higher tooth chipping rates (e.g., sakis: 28.3%, mandrills: 36.7%).
  • Species consuming harder foods seasonally or infrequently showed intermediate to low chipping frequencies.
  • Homo fossil samples displayed high chipping rates but distinct patterns compared to extant hard-object feeders.

Conclusions:

  • Hard food mastication is a primary driver of observed differences in primate tooth chipping prevalence.
  • Distinct chipping patterns in Homo fossils suggest non-dietary causes, such as grit ingestion (Homo naledi) or non-masticatory tooth use (Neanderthals).