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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Recurrent spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

Susan N Kok1, Marysia S Tweet2

  • 1Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) can recur in 5-29% of patients, posing significant cardiac risks. Further research is needed to identify risk factors and effective interventions for SCAD recurrence.

Keywords:
Myocardial infarctioncardiovascular diseasenon-atherosclerotic coronary artery diseaserecurrencespontaneous coronary artery dissectionwomen

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a non-atherosclerotic cause of acute coronary syndrome and sudden cardiac death, primarily affecting young to middle-aged women.
  • SCAD presents acute challenges including arrhythmias, heart failure, and chest pain, with a notable recurrence rate of 5-29%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD), with a specific focus on the risk factors and implications of SCAD recurrence.
  • To summarize current knowledge on SCAD-associated conditions, genetic factors, clinical characteristics, and post-SCAD care.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of PubMed articles was conducted up to October 2020.
  • The review focused on clinical studies and original research, scrutinizing findings related to SCAD recurrence.

Main Results:

  • SCAD recurrence represents a significant cardiac risk and psychological burden for patients.
  • Hypertension and severe coronary tortuosity are potential risk factors associated with SCAD recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • SCAD recurrence is a concerning risk that requires further investigation.
  • Additional research is essential to fully understand SCAD recurrence risk factors and to clarify the efficacy of interventions like beta-blocker therapy in reducing recurrence.