[Consensus on pediatrics epistaxis: Causes, clinic and treatment]

Area of Science:

• Otolaryngology
• Emergency Medicine
• Pediatrics

Background:

• Epistaxis (nosebleeds) is a common condition, accounting for 3% of Emergency Room visits.
• It frequently affects children under 5 years old, with a peak incidence between 7.5 and 8.5 years, predominantly in males.
• Nasal obstruction is the most common associated symptom (46%).

Purpose of the Study:

• To define epistaxis and outline its common characteristics.
• To discuss the diagnostic approach for determining the etiology of nosebleeds.
• To review treatment strategies for epistaxis, including initial management and advanced interventions.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing data on epistaxis.
• Analysis of patient demographics, associated symptoms, and etiological factors.
• Evaluation of treatment modalities ranging from conservative measures to surgical interventions.

Main Results:

• Epistaxis is common in children, with nasal obstruction as a frequent co-symptom.
• Anterior epistaxis is more common than posterior.
• Most cases are self-limiting, but interventions like nasal tamponade and cauterization are often necessary.

Conclusions:

• An integrated approach is vital for diagnosing the cause of epistaxis.
• Treatment aims to achieve hemostasis and prevent recurrent episodes.
• Advanced treatments such as endoscopic management, embolization, and surgery are reserved for refractory cases.