Berberine mitigates oxidative damage associated with testicular impairment following mercury chloride intoxication

In this study, we assessed the protective effect of berberine (BBR) against mercuric chloride (HgCl₂)-induced reproductive impairment. Twenty-eight adult male Wistar albino rats were placed into four equal groups: control, BBR, HgCl₂, and BBR + HgCl₂. All the treatments were orally administered for seven consecutive days. The rats exposed to HgCl₂ showed a marked decrease in testosterone accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO). Additionally, HgCl₂ decreased glutathione (GSH) content, deactivated catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), and suppressed the activities and mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the testicular tissue. In addition, histological deformations and testicular cell loss were recorded, as evidenced by the upregulation of caspase-3 following HgCl₂ intoxication. Notably, BBR administration reversed the testicular impairments associated with HgCl₂ exposure. These findings suggest that BBR protected the testicular tissue following HgCl₂ exposure through inhibiting the disturbance in the testosterone level and enhanced the antioxidant capacity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Heavy metals are naturally existing metallic elements in the earth's crust. These trace metals have the potential to cause multiple adverse reactions to the living systems, even at low exposure doses. Human exposure may also result from industrial, agricultural, and domestic activities. Berberine (BBR, a naturally occurring quaternary benzylisoquinoline alkaloid) is a protoberberine and is the representative main active ingredient in all parts of Berberis species. BBR has been used widely in folk medicine worldwide for its multiple pharmacological and therapeutic activities; for example, in the treatment of digestive and reproductive system disorders, microorganism infections, hemorrhage and wound healing, and cardiovascular and ophthalmic diseases. We found that BBR administration was able to abrogate significantly the reproductive toxicity associated with Hg intoxication. This protective effect comes from its strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities; suggesting that BBR may be applied to alleviate reproductive toxicity associated with Hg intoxication.