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Updated: Nov 21, 2025
Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: July 4, 2007
Clinical features of paediatric and adult autoimmune encephalitis: A multicenter sample
Annie Roliz1, Yash Shah1, Anne Morse2
1Division of Child Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 2001 Marcus Ave, Suite W290, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA.
Background:
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a heterogeneous class of inflammatory diseases of the brain that can present with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Patients may be negative for CSF anti-neuronal antibodies, which can make the diagnosis of AE challenging. Distinguishing features between paediatric and adult patients with AE are not well characterized.
Objective:
Describe the clinical presentation, seizure type, EEG and sleep patterns in paediatric and adult patients with AE.
Methods/Design:
Retrospective review of clinical data from paediatric and adult patients diagnosed with AE from three medical centers between 1/2008-12/2019.
Results:
We included 100 patients with AE, including 65 children. Median age at presentation was 14 years (1-88years). Fifty-five patients had positive CSF autoantibody results (NMDAR 36%, VGKC Ab 10%, anti-GAD65 4%, miscellaneous 3%), and 47 patients were autoantibody-negative. Paediatric patients were more likely to present with psychiatric symptoms, focal seizures and/or status epilepticus, and sleep disturbances compared to adult patients (p < 0.05). There was a higher incidence of NMDA-R encephalitis in children compared to adults.
Conclusion:
Paediatric patients with AE were more likely to present with psychiatric symptoms, sleep disturbances, focal seizures, and/or status epilepticus compared to adults (p < 0.05). Insomnia and hypersomnia are common sleep problems associated with AE that should be screened early in the diagnostic evaluation. Further studies can be performed to explore the relationship between sleep disturbances and long-term cognitive effects and the incidence of chronic epilepsy in this subset of patients.
