Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

4.8K
Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
4.8K
Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

21.5K
Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience,...
21.5K
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

3.1K
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
3.1K
Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

7.3K
Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
7.3K
Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

924
Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
924
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

3.3K
The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cytokine-induced killer cells/dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells immunotherapy for the treatment of esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis.

Medicine·2021
Same author

Tumor-associated macrophage polarization promotes the progression of esophageal carcinoma.

Aging·2020
Same author

Distribution and prognostic impact of M1 macrophage on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Carcinogenesis·2020
Same author

Bioinformatics-based screening of key genes for transformation of liver cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Journal of translational medicine·2020
Same author

High infiltration of CD68-tumor associated macrophages, predict poor prognosis in Kazakh esophageal cancer patients.

International journal of clinical and experimental pathology·2020
Same author

[Detection methods of genome editing in plants].

Yi chuan = Hereditas·2018

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
06:00

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila

Published on: October 1, 2011

14.2K

Pathways involved in pony body size development.

Jun Fang1, Dong Zhang1, Jun Wei Cao1

  • 1College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018, China.

BMC Genomics
|January 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mammalian body growth involves complex gene regulation. This study reveals the WNT/Ca2+ pathway and growth hormone receptor (GHR) interactions in small ponies, offering insights for therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Debao ponyGrowth hormone receptorRNA-seqShort stature

More Related Videos

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

12.2K
Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

8.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
06:00

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila

Published on: October 1, 2011

14.2K
Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
07:23

Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification

Published on: December 3, 2016

12.2K
Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones
06:58

Culturing and Measuring Fetal and Newborn Murine Long Bones

Published on: April 26, 2019

8.4K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Molecular Biology
  • Mammalian Physiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The mechanisms governing mammalian body growth remain largely unexplored.
  • Investigating regulatory networks is crucial for understanding growth disparities.
  • Transcriptomic analysis provides a powerful tool for dissecting complex biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the regulatory networks controlling body growth in mammals.
  • To compare transcriptomic profiles of pituitary and epiphyseal tissues between smaller Debao ponies and larger Mongolian horses.
  • To identify key genetic and hormonal factors contributing to variations in body size.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptomic analysis of pituitary and epiphyseal tissues.
  • Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and Western blot analyses.
  • In vitro studies using WNT antagonists and GHR-RNAi lentiviral vectors.
  • Hormone concentration measurements (IGF-1, GH).

Main Results:

  • Low growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression in long bones of Debao ponies despite high growth hormone (GH) levels.
  • Downregulation of GHR pathway components (m-RAS, ATF3) and upregulation of WNT2 and PLCβ2 in juvenile ponies, impacting bone cell proliferation and mineralization.
  • Evidence suggesting the WNT/Ca2+ pathway regulates body growth.
  • Lower IGF-1 gene expression in Debao ponies' livers compared to Mongolian horses.
  • Distinct hormonal profiles: higher IGF-1 in juvenile Debao ponies and higher GH in adult Debao ponies.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides novel insights into the genetic regulation of short stature in mammals.
  • Identified key molecular players, including GHR and the WNT/Ca2+ pathway, in controlling body size.
  • Findings can inform the development of therapeutic strategies for growth-related conditions.