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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Pericarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Pericarditis is distinguished by inflammation of the pericardium, the fibrous sac that encases the heart. It can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for over three months. Understanding its clinical manifestations and diagnostic findings is crucial for timely and effective management.Clinical ManifestationsWhile pericarditis can be asymptomatic, it usually presents with characteristic symptoms such as:Chest Pain: The most characteristic symptom of pericarditis is chest...

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection I: Introduction

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) impact various parts of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are generally bacterial, with Escherichia coli being the most common causative agent, often originating from the gastrointestinal tract. However, other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis, are also known to cause UTIs. The type, location, and underlying complexity of the UTI guide both...

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

Published on: July 18, 2017

Asymptomatic emphysematous pyelitis-a rare clinical entity.

Hannah Thorman¹, Nikita R Bhatt², Sona Kapoor²

¹Urology Department, Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, UK h.thorman@yahoo.co.uk.

BMJ Case Reports

|January 19, 2021

Summary

A diabetic patient with kidney issues was treated for a large kidney stone and gas in her urinary tract. Successful management involved antibiotics, a nephrostomy tube, and stone removal, with the patient remaining asymptomatic.

Keywords:

acute renal failure gas/free gas urinary tract infections urology

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Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Intrarenal Injection of Escherichia coli in a Rat Model of Pyelonephritis

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Published on: July 18, 2017

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Area of Science:

Urology
Nephrology
Radiology

Background:

A 62-year-old female with diabetes presented with deteriorating renal function and right hydronephrosis.
Referral from nephrology to urology was prompted by these findings.

Observation:

CT imaging revealed a right staghorn calculus and significant gas in the renal collecting system, indicative of emphysematous pyelitis.
The patient was asymptomatic despite the complex urinary tract findings.

Findings:

Initial management included antibiotics and a right nephrostomy tube placement.
Subsequent percutaneous nephrolithotomy successfully removed the staghorn calculus.

Implications:

This case highlights the successful management of a complex case of emphysematous pyelitis and staghorn calculus in a diabetic patient.
Multidisciplinary management involving nephrology and urology is crucial for optimal patient outcomes.