Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

8.9K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
8.9K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.9K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
2.9K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.1K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.1K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

2.4K
Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists of a...
2.4K
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.6K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.6K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.7K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Polyp Segmentation Network Based on Pinwheel Convolution and Dual Attention for Colorectal Precancerous Lesion Diagnosis.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same author

PharmaGNN: a model for odor prediction based on graph neural networks.

Journal of the science of food and agriculture·2026
Same author

Finite element analysis of the nonlinear response of oral mucosa in labial tissue induced by spherical versus square self-ligating brackets.

BMC oral health·2026
Same author

The impact of intelligent manufacturing strategy on enterprise labor productivity: evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China.

Frontiers in artificial intelligence·2026
Same author

Analysis of pathological diagnostic characteristics of non-esophageal eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026
Same author

An intelligent feedback loop for sustaining self-lubrication and wear resistance.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.1K

Metal-free atom transfer radical polymerization with ppm catalyst loading under sunlight.

Qiang Ma1, Jinshuai Song2, Xun Zhang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.

Nature Communications
|January 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Highly effective organic photoredox catalysts were developed for metal-free polymer synthesis via organocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP). These catalysts enable controlled polymerization using sunlight at very low loadings.

More Related Videos

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

13.5K
Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

9.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.1K
Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

13.5K
Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
07:39

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: June 8, 2016

9.8K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Organocatalytic atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) offers a metal-free route to well-defined polymers.
  • Developing highly efficient catalysts for O-ATRP at low loadings remains a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and discover novel organic photoredox catalysts for O-ATRP.
  • To achieve controlled polymerization under visible light using minimal catalyst amounts.

Main Methods:

  • Catalyst design based on heteroatom-doping of polycyclic arenes.
  • Synthesis and characterization of oxygen-doped anthanthrene (ODA) catalysts.
  • Photoredox catalysis for atom transfer radical polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of oxygen-doped anthanthrene (ODA) as a potent organocatalyst for O-ATRP.
  • ODAs exhibit strong visible-light absorption (ε455nm up to 23,950 M⁻¹cm⁻¹).
  • Successful controlled polymerization under sunlight with low ppm catalyst loading.

Conclusions:

  • Heteroatom-doping of polycyclic arenes is an effective strategy for designing O-ATRP catalysts.
  • ODA catalysts provide a highly efficient, metal-free approach for polymer synthesis.
  • The developed catalysts enable sustainable polymerization using visible light and low catalyst concentrations.